To run a country, set broad policies and stick to them

That is a paraphrase from Paul Krugman’s "When MAGA fantasy meets rust belt reality,” The New York Times, 29th Nov 2018. What is left unsaid is that the country or its leadership must have a strong sense of foresight otherwise it will be hard put to look far out into the future.

Does Singapore come to mind? If that’s a tough act to follow, what about Vietnam … or Cambodia or Laos?

In the spirit of Christmas, let’s digress for one moment: 

(a) Watching the Miss Universe over dinner here in New York brought this family back home knowing that Miss Philippines was a favorite to win. And the fact that she became Miss Universe 2018 and the fourth one to do it made it all the more special. Congratulations to Catriona Gray!

(b) And especially us men to thank the women in our lives who knew that the way to a man’s heart is through the stomach. Because we shall be feasting on them over the holidays. 

Over 30 years ago, before the family relocated to New York, the wife didn’t own the kitchen. And it’s typical and why it isn’t unusual to have a kitchen to show off and another one we call a “dirty kitchen.” That’s the cook’s domain and where she prepares the food for the family. The señora is not expected to cook.  

But American homes aren’t designed for señoras, the kitchen is the center of the home and right beside it is the family room. And the wife is the center of attention as she runs the kitchen even as she multitasks between the two rooms. And this señora had a baptism of fire. As in: She burned the kitchen. 

Didn’t the blog say a few times that man was pronounced by the Creator to be good? And it clearly includes women. And today the husband at every opportunity brags about the wife’s rabo de toro which she picked up instinctively in Sevilla; her cod, Lisbon; spaghetti alle vongole in Italy; and Caesar salad, Le Cirque, among others. 

Yet the daughter followed the tough act. That with the son-in-law, they have friends raising their hands with or without an invite. Only in New York!

With that very personal story of one tough act after another, let’s get back to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos: 

“Among Asian exporters, twenty grew the value of their exports in the 5-year period ending in 2017 led by: Cambodia (up 158.2%), Afghanistan (up 125.7%), Vietnam (up 100.8%), Timor-Leste (up 85.5%), Bangladesh (up 64.1%) and Laos (up 60%).” [http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-asian-export-countries/]

Is ideology driving these Asian countries whose exports grew over the above-referenced period? What do we make of the following perspective then? “Neoliberal economists, who worship in the altar of free trade, love to make theoretical constructs on the basis of assumptions under an imagined world of perfect competition.” [Industrial Policy – Hallelujah (!), Rene E. Ofreneo, BusinessMirror, 13th Dec 2018]

Does this look more like a balanced view: “As we build Dream Philippines, we probably should be smarter than to lean too much to any given side. We should put into play the best elements of the free market, such that it delivers for us the accomplishments it has wrought in many other parts of the globe. But we should be equally discerning in guarding and even actively fighting against some of the negative consequences that untrammeled free markets can bring about.” [Proceed with eyes wide open, DR. JESUS ESTANISLAO, SWIMMING AGAINST THE CURRENT, Manila Bulletin, 13th Dec 2018. Disclosure: The writer learned his Economics 101, a required course in the MBA program, from Dr. Estanislao.]

Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos are among the countries per the McKinsey study that have outperformed PH over the last 20 years. Forget about the Asian Tigers, they have been running rings around us for 50 years. To be sure, there will always be hurdles along the way – the road to nirvana is straight and narrow … and why men are separated from the boys.

Are these countries because they are forward-looking better able than PH to set the requisite economic policies ... and stick to them? 

Let’s get back to Krugman. “Why was the vision of revived manufacturing nonsense? Talking about what Donald Trump doesn’t know is, of course, a vast task, since his ignorance is both broad and deep … Running America isn’t like running a family business. It has to be done by setting broad policies and sticking to them … So Trump’s promise to restore U.S. manufacturing was doomed to fail.

“You might wonder where his confidence came from … The answer, probably, is the Dunning-Kruger effect: inept people are often confident in their abilities, because they’re too inept to know how badly they’re doing.”

How does that square with PH reality that we are underperforming against Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, among others? Enter Fitch: “We have (a) lower per capita income and (b) weaker governance and (c) business environment indicators ... compared to our peers."

More to the point, why are we the regional laggard?

Should that be the question we must ask ourselves instead of being distracted by conflicting ideologies? And why the blog introduced “perceptive judgment.”

That perceptive judgment suffers when there is lack of experience, e.g., experts can detect what rookies can miss. Likewise, when ideologues and relativists don’t traverse the continuum across these two extremes, they too can suffer from lack of experience.

And there are two fundamental dimensions we gloss over and why we can’t seem to get a good handle on our predicament:

(A) Innovation and global competitiveness are defining the 21st century. Sadly, neither is up our alley. Unsurprisingly, we are left to talk about ideologies and access to finance and government support, among others, but not the animal spirits. There is no free lunch. Does it also explain why our Chinoys dominate PH economy?

And why the blog often talks about:

(i) Our sheltered upbringing – i.e., parochial, insular, hierarchical and paternalistic – and its consequence, a culture of impunity; and (ii) The treatise of Peter Gray, psychology professor emeritus, Boston College: The experience gained from failures and setbacks builds resilience. And why children must be given the opportunity to experience failure and realize they can survive it. Treating them as fragile makes them so.

Think of the startup enterprises that developed apps that were then grabbed by the Big Four (Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google) and for which they paid in the billions. 

And here we are, talking (again?) import substitution, that the focus of manufacturing must be local given we’re over 100-million strong consumers, and to supply the likes of SM. 

God bless us. As an economist profoundly expressed it, “I cry for you, Philippines!”

What to do? 

It comes back to our fixed mindset. We must learn to develop our sense of foresight and imagine and visualize PH as a developed, wealthy, first-world nation. Not a third-world, underdeveloped, poverty-gripped nation. 

And why we in the elite class must take responsibility. Our individual successes cannot make up ever for a cellar-dweller nation. 

Consider: Juan de la Cruz = The poster boy of the fixed mindset = Us, the elite class. It is our privileged status that explains why we’re stuck in this fixed mindset. Why sort out the contradiction in our Christian upbringing? Hierarchy = Absolute Power = Absolutely corrupt. Remember Padre Damaso?

(B) We know that given: (a) our restrictive economy, (b) poor governance, (c) parochial instincts and (d) reliance on hierarchy, patronage and oligarchy … that we are in fact breeding and nurturing tyranny.

Consider: “The country was one of the original world champions of human rights, and has a resounding Bill of Rights in its Constitution … Now it’s become a leading light of another alliance altogether — the world’s antihuman rights club. For shame.” [In the line of fire, Editorial,Philippine Daily Inquirer, 12th Dec 2018]

But let’s get back to Vietnam. 

Why is Vietnam outpacing PH? For example, our export numbers are pathetic at US$48.2-B against their $214.1-B. If Vietnam is neoliberal we better be one in a hurry?

Still we are proud that our GDP growth rate is in the 6%-7% range. But Vietnam is doing as well at 6.8%. While our GDP per capita is still greater, that will not be for very long. Consider: Their FDIs are at $129.5-B compared to our $78.79.

What about our manufacturing uptick or industrial growth of 7.2%? Vietnam is ahead at 8%. And though the gap appears narrow, note that theirs are driven by exports – which is more than 4 times ours – and so our unemployment and poverty numbers suffer as a consequence ... and why we’re the regional laggard.

But let’s push back and point to the rising tide of right-wing populism in the US and Europe, a backlash to globalism? Because we have a global outlook? Yet we are injecting federalism in the local mix – and worse adding more complexity, a no-no when undertaking a complex undertaking to begin with, to our decades-old challenge of underdevelopment – when system of government isn’t a common denominator amongst the nations running rings around PH. 

And why the blog often talks about Kurt Lewin’s force field theory. And a great example is the scale of economic output generated by Luzon, specifically from Hacienda Luisita down to Calabarzon, i.e., two-thirds of GDP. If we understand data analytics, we will exploit that power.

The outcome will deliver a greater knock-on effect on PH economy than any greenfield efforts in other parts of the country – while pump-priming them to follow suit and, more directly, build on the linkages the Luzon initiative will unleash.

Think of how China and foreign investments first focused on the three metro areas of: Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. And Guangzhou by itself demonstrated such knock-on effect. Are we learning from the China experience … or do we just want China as our preferred foreign investment? To paraphrase Dr. Estanislao, are we proceeding with eyes wide open? Do we recall the ZTE fiasco under GMA?

Is plunder our new normal? And why we can’t set broad policies and stick to them? In Metro Manila we are today literally overrun by Chinese nationals … and in Mindanao too!

Simply put, instead of the JFC’s seven big industry winners, PH economy is driven by: (a) OFW remittances, (b) the BPO industry, (c) gambling and (d) the war on drugs. And the latter two feed on drug running and money laundering? 

To add insult to injury, we keep to a restrictive economy. But on a wink and a nod, Indonesian ... and now Chinese interests will hog the limelight in PH industry. Whatever happened to character, conviction, integrity, moral fiber, rectitude and uprightness, for example?

And we wonder why we aren’t attracting greater FDIs?

But let’s get back to Lewin. His equation captures our concerns about Mindanao too: Where there are barriers to the enterprise, they must be addressed and fixed. It is no different from portfolio management. And the answer is not federalism but data analytics. Allocate resources to generate the greatest synergy not to arbitrarily set aside precious tax money for politicians and local lords to undermine community and the common good. That institutionalizes crab mentality. Which is why we are the regional laggard in the first place.

Why don’t we instead lower the number of poor Filipinos, lower than the entire population of Australia, before we worry about wealthy nations and their follies as in right-wing populism? [Is Brexit coming or going? What about Trump? First he was a fraud now his entities are under criminal investigations. It’s called the rule of law, alien to us Pinoys? What’s the latest from our legislators post the three cases of plunder that is not plunder? And the pork that is not the pork?]

And that means we must be up to speed re economies of scale which is key to rapid wealth generation. Recall that America has had this advantage – being a single market of over 300 million – over fragmented Europe and why the EU came into being. 

In other words, we Pinoys can’t keep that blinder called crab mentality because it undermines community and the common good.

Consider too this imperative of the hardy mindset – “dibdib” in the vernacular: Focus on situations where we have influence over not where we have little if any control; you have control only over yourself, you must be the one to change. Develop a problem-solving attitude: why are you unable to succeed in your efforts? That’s from Robert Brooks of Harvard Medical School.

Which brings us to the concept of modern math, of sets and subsets: If the global economy is the set, then PH economy is the subset. To be sure, beyond the economic elements that apply to us, there are those at the level of the “set” that can cause us worry. But let’s cross the bridge when we get there. In the meantime we can get our house in order; and given the experience we will gain, perceptive judgment shall then work in our favor.

The last 50 years say we haven’t done a good job managing our economy much less our nation. 

And we have our work cut out for us: Why are we the regional laggard? Why is Vietnam outpacing us? What broad policies must we set … and that we must stick to? 

So that we overcome the Fitch admonition: “We have (a) lower per capita income and (b) weaker governance and (c) business environment indicators ... compared to our peers."

Gising bayan!

The family joins me in wishing everyone a truly Merry Christmas and a Prosperous New Year!

“Why independence, if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow? And that they will be such is not to be doubted, for he who submits to tyranny loves it.” [We are ruled by Rizal’s ‘tyrants of tomorrow,’ Editorial, The Manila Times, 29th Dec 2015]

“Now I know why Paul dared to speak of ‘the curse of the law’ (Galatians 3:13). Law reigns and discernment is unnecessary, which means there is little growth or change in such people. When you do not grow, you remain an infant.” [Faith and Science, Open to Change, Richard Rohr’s Daily Meditation, 23rd Oct 2017]

“As a major component for the education and reorientation of our people, mainstream media – their reporters, writers, photographers, columnists and editors – have an obligation to this country . . .” [Era of documented irrelevance: Mainstream media, critics and protesters, Homobono A. Adaza, The Manila Times, 25th Nov 2015]

“National prosperity is created, not inherited. It does not grow out of a country’s natural endowments, its labor pool, its interest rates, or its currency’s value, as classical economics insists . . . A nation’s competitiveness depends on the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade.” [The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Michael E. Porter, Harvard Business Review, March–April 1990]

“Learning and innovation go hand in hand. The arrogance of success is to think that what you did yesterday will be sufficient for tomorrow.” [William Pollard, 1911-1989, physicist-priest, Manhattan Project]

“Development [is informed by a people’s] worldview, cognitive capacity, values, moral development, self-identity, spirituality, and leadership . . .” [Frederic Laloux, Reinventing organizations, Nelson Parker, 2014]

Live by … and die by “pwede na ‘yan”

How else to explain our inability to upend our restrictive economy? There is a Tagalog word for it, "volatile." As in: fickle = capricious, undependable, unfaithful, unsteady, flighty, giddy. In other words, the absence of constancy.

Then consider that in the 21st century innovation and global competitiveness are the price of entry. There is no free lunch. Free enterprise is not free. And freedom is not free either.

And it presupposes a sense of foresight that will inform the imperative of investment. Note that this is ground zero in the here and now and thus the lack of foresight in Juan de la Cruz and by extension his inability to commit to investment will explain why we are today the regional laggard. 

The evidence? Beyond the imploding ecology of Baguio or Boracay or Palawan or Panglao or every major metro area, think how we denuded our forests against how Sweden turned their forest industry into a virtuous circle. In less than 100 years they doubled their forest assets with the fall rate less than the growth rate. Or simply put, the world will not run out of toilet paper. Thanks to the Swedes.

What about SMEs and subsistence farming? Foresight is ... still the way forward, not paternalism. 

And why the blog talked about:

(a) Denmark's pig industry, a global success model, that is an outcome of Danish cooperative ethos. [Translation: We can not just laugh off crab mentality. We must learn, and even go through the pain, and pull resources together to: (a) attain critical mass (b) and economies of scale and (c) generate greater wealth.]

(b) The writer's Eastern European friends who imagined and visualized themselves as the best in the business ... to overcome their instincts developed over decades being the poorest nation in Europe while under Soviet rule.

And in both cases, innovation and global competitiveness come in spades. 

Enter: A growth mindset and not a fixed mindset. And that is the barrier which we Pinoys struggle to overcome. Juan de la Cruz is the poster boy of the fixed mindset. 

The evidence? We have been on a downward spiral given how the world has left us behind. It is no longer the Asian Tigers and our neighbors that are our peers. Even nations we used to discount are outpacing us. 

What virtue do we invoke? That our ideology is grounded in our faith? What about the story of creation ... and evolution and Darwin? Man was pronounced by the Creator to be good, being in his image and likeness. And Economics mirrors evolution with man's ever-changing needs and wants. And why there is a boom and bust cycle. 

Although in the bigger scheme of things, they brought about two World Wars. Yet man is good and will get things back in sync with a lot of effort, of course. And it applies even to disruptive innovations otherwise we would still be living in caves. 

[Or are we? Consider: The 3 senators charged with plunder are all qualified to run ... and we will elect them again? Think Marcos, Estrada and Arroyo. And now Enrile, Estrada and Revilla?]

How do we migrate from paternalism and charity to freedom is not free and carries inherent responsibility? We need to shift paradigms. Obviously easier said than done. 

And why we need a Roosevelt and his fireside chats. In other words, true leadership. Not extra judicial killings. Not a culture of impunity. 

In the meantime we add insult to injury, that is, our bias against FDI. And it stems from our inherent values ​​of parochialism and insularity, hierarchy, political patronage and oligarchy. Where is our culture of impunity coming from ... again?

But we still do not get it? 

Here's how the wife explains our instincts as they apply within the family which wittingly or extend beyond: "We like freebies, and why investing is not in our DNA." And thus by the third generation an inherited fortune typically runs to the ground. The wife knows whereof she speaks: the family's fortune was built by the "lola" and handed down to the children and then the grandchildren where it has been dispersed. 

Ergo: Lack of foresight undermines (a) economies of scale, (b) the multiplier effect of investment and (c) wealth generation.

Even in America given the short-term pressure from Wall Street, traditional CEOs can not look beyond the horizon. Enter: Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Mark Zuckerberg and their cohort.

Let's bring it back to PH where tradition rules - as in a restrictive economy - and we will appreciate how far the world has left us behind?

And why the blog introduced "perceptive judgment." And it comes from experience and why despite the gains we posted especially over the last 6 years, we lag the world whether reckoned over a 20-year period or 50-year period.

What is laughable is we're celebrating these gains when at the fork in the road we opted for "pwede na 'yan" instead of calling on our foresight and put all our eggs in one basket, OFW remittances ... And then the BPO industry.

Like it or not, we've turned into a loser and why we would want to gloss over reality? Then think rapid economic development like the Asian Tigers that was founded on FDIs - after begging the West for money and technology - as well as rapid infrastructure development and rapid industrialization.

The operative word is "rapid," that is, if indeed we want to overcome poverty. But can we in the elite class really understand the extent of PH poverty? Imagine and visualize a country the size of Australia where everyone is poor. While Romania is not big enough; we have more poor people than their total population. 

And there is a converse to "rank has its privileges" and that is, "command responsibility." Simply put, we in the elite class can not wash our hands while PH is on a downward spiral. And this brings to mind what born-again Christians call dying to oneself, ie, transformation demands surrender. 

As Richard Rohr, a Franciscan, would say it, "there is a cruciform shape to reality ... loss precedes all renewal ... emptiness makes way for every new infilling ... every transformation in the universe requires the surrendering of a previous form. "

And beyond the spiritual is also the social science, ie, in Kurt Lewin's Change Management model, it is expressed as: Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze. 

Let's test our comprehension of our challenge with this news report: "Bill creating Central Luzon investment authority hurdles committees," Charmaine A. Tadalan, BusinessWorld, 2nd Dec 2018.

Promising or will the outcome make us cry? Consider: "FOREIGN business groups said various items of legislation to remove foreign investment limits remain on their wish list before the conclusion of the 17th Congress.

"At a briefing after the Arangkada forum ... the Joint Foreign Chambers of the Philippines said it continues to bat for rule changes covering foreign ownership limits to better align the legislature's output with the government's intended program." [Foreign chambers warn some bills are 'stagnating,' Janina C. Lim, BusinessWorld, 28th Nov 2018]

Let's then test our: (a) sense of foresight or the ability to look forward beyond the horizon; (b) capacity to look outward; (c) bias to benchmark and (d) learn from others? The acid test being: Are we up to the task?

Consider:  "Since the onset of China's reform program, the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone has been the fastest growing portion of the fastest growing province in the fastest growing large economy in the world. In the process, a region that once once largely agricultural has emerged as a manufacturing platform of global importance. It is a world leader in the production of electronic goods, electrical products, electrical and electronic components, watches and clocks, toys, garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other goods.

"For the first ten years of China's economic reform process, the internationalization of the Chinese economy was largely a Pearl River Delta phenomenon, with the export-oriented production of foreign-invested entities based in Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou leading the way. In recent years, the development environment for indigenous private-owned enterprises has improved dramatically in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone and local firms are now playing an ever-growing role in the region's economy. In this regard, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, and other parts of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone have been at the forefront of private sector development in China. "[Wikipedia]

Can we read that one more time with feeling? Can we imagine and visualize PH internationalizing the Philippine economy with export-oriented production of foreign invested entities like China did? Where for the first ten years of China's economic reform process it was largely a Pearl River Delta [region] phenomenon? And here's the twist: today local firms are playing an ever-growing role in the region's economy!

If it is not obvious yet, the blog often speaks to "imagination and visualization." It is how the writer introduced his Eastern European friends to lateral thinking and creative and critical thinking and guided them through the innovation process (in product development) and global competitiveness. The operative words being "introduce" and "guide" because they have the inherent capacity to create world-class products. And why they are destined for greater heights and glory.

It comes back to foresight that informs the dynamic of investment and growth. Enter: Experience. The more they learn from experience including making mistakes, the more they develop the confidence to stand toe-to-toe against competition, big and small, including Western behemoths. 

It's a roundabout way to explain "perceptive judgment." And yes, mistakes enrich the learning experience. And why kids are more creative. Consider: While elders like to tell them "do not" kids hate the word. Thank God for kids. See above re Wall Street and traditional CEOs.

The experience gained from failures and setbacks builds resilience. And why children must be given the opportunity to experience failure and realize they can survive it. Treating them as fragile makes them so. That's from Peter Gray, psychology professor emeritus, Boston College.

Conversely, does our sheltered upbringing explain our culture of impunity? Fragile as we are, do we expect paternalism, rely on patronage and submit to hierarchy that breeds tyranny? This is a challenge for our social scientists to fathom. We can not just helplessly watch our downward spiral!

And we can likewise pick the brains of our Chinoys if we want to establish why they dominate PH economy.

It also explains why Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google dominate the 21st century global industry. They have an abundance of confidence in assessing the dynamic between investment and growth given their respective experiences - characterized by multifaceted failures and setbacks.

If we still can not decipher what foresight is, we can take a page from the Pearl River Delta story ...

And the challenge is especially great for the Central Luzon investment authority. Because it must set the tone to positively impact the rest of the Philippines.

The Pearl River Delta accounts for 20% of China's economy (2005) against two-thirds in the case of Luzon (from Hacienda Luisita down to Calabarzon.)

But we have not demonstrated such a game-changing enterprise before. And why we must think ecosystem and a virtuous circle. Conversely, we must figure out why we failed to deliver an energy development program, for example.

Because an energy development plan is bound to fail if it is narrowly designed. As in: We had no industrialization plan to speak of and so the biggest concern was to not overburden Juan de la Cruz with his utility bills. 

We must have a grander goal!

We must have a grander goal ... but that demands foresight ... in: (a) rapid economic development; (b) rapid infrastructure development; and (c) rapid industrialization. 

What is the challenge for the Central Luzon investment authority then? 

It must generate a massive impact on PH economic development, including drive GDP per capita. That must be the mindset and not worry about the bias for Luzon or imperial Manila, for example. It is not ideology or an opposite bias, it is physics as the blog has discussed time and again. 

Where there is mass and weight and momentum, there is energy and power. Those in the private sector know this from experience especially from efforts to identify growth drivers and why there is data analytics. But not only. Take the above China example. 

But this is where we truly need foresight, a vision. It must be beyond Clark ... being the next big thing. We failed with Makati and Bonifacio and did not turn either into a Singapore. 

In other words, dissect ... and learn from the Pearl River Delta phenomenon and make Central Luzon a manufacturing platform of global importance. Then think which of the JFC's seven big industry winners can indeed make PH win in the global arena. 

That their products and services will generate the largest revenues and margins because they meet the yardstick of innovation ... and are globally competitive. And then create the ecosystem - and this is where rapid infrastructure development comes in, including energy development, as well as auxiliary and support industries and linkages to the rest of the country - that will turn the enterprise into a virtuous circle. 

More to the point, why do not we copy the development plans of Pearl River Delta and / or Singapore like Thailand copied ours?

And what if our legislators and economic managers take a pause - so that we stop doing the same thing over and over again, as in insanity - and work out how we can overcome "it's possible"?

Gising bayan!

"Why independence, if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow? And that they will be such is not to be doubted, for he who submits to tyranny loves it. "[We are ruled by Rizal's 'tyrants of tomorrow,' Editorial, The Manila Times, 29th Dec 2015]

" Now I know why Paul dared to speak of 'the curse of the law' (Galatians 3:13). Law reigns and discernment is unnecessary, which means there is little growth or change in such people. When you do not grow, you remain an infant. "[Faith and Science, Open to Change, Richard Rohr's Daily Meditation, 23rd Oct 2017]

"As a major component for the education and reorientation of our people, mainstream media - their reporters, writers, photographers, columnists and editors - have an obligation to this country. . . "[Era of documented irrelevance: Mainstream media, critics and protesters, Homobono A. Adaza, The Manila Times, 25th Nov 2015]

"National prosperity is created, not inherited. It does not grow out of a country's natural endowments, its labor pool, its interest rates, or its currency's value, as classical economics insists. . . A nation's competitiveness depends on the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade. "[The Competitive Advantage of Nations,  Michael E. Porter , Harvard Business Review, March-April 1990]

"Learning and innovation go hand in hand. The arrogance of success is to think that what you did yesterday will be sufficient for tomorrow. "[William Pollard, 1911-1989, physicist-priest, Manhattan Project]

"Development [is informed by a people's] worldview, cognitive capacity, values, moral development, self-identity, spirituality, and leadership. . . "[Frederic Laloux, Reinventing organizations, Nelson Parker, 2014]